Chapter 5: Effective listening
Effective listening: select, attend, understand, remember
Barriers: overload, personal issues, distractions(outside), prejudice
Better Listening:
Listen with all your senses: interpret nonverbal, adapt to delivery
Listen mindfully: monitor your reactions/ emotions, avoid jumping to conclusions, be selfish (how are you affected?)
Listen skillfully: identify your goal (pleasure, empathy, evaluation, information)
Listen for main ideas
Practice listening: in the moment, conscious
Understand your listening style: People oriented, action oriented, content oriented, time oriented
Active listening: re-sort, rephrase, and repeat
Critical listening: separate facts from inferences, qualify evidence, evaluate logical reasoning

Analyze/ Evaluate speeches: rhetorical criticism (evaluate effectiveness of messages by the methods and standards used!) effectiveness and ethical means
Rhetorical means: symbols, strategies

Feedback: descriptive, specific, positive, constructive, sensitive, realistic
Self improvement: reinforce skills and speaking abilities, evaluate your overall effectiveness, identify ways to improve (goals)

Chapter 6: Audience Analysis
Audience centered speaking: delivery, select/ narrow topic, purpose, central idea, main ideas, support, organization, rehearsal
Gathering info about audience:
informal: demographics (age, race, gender, sexual orientation, education, ideological and religious views)
formal: questionnaires, surveys etc. (open/ closed ended questions)
Analyzing information: similarities, differences--- common ground

Adapting to audiences:
consider them (who, expectations, suitability)
goal (objective)
content (kind of info, how to present – informal, formal, gaining attention, examples/stories/analogies)
delivery (language, method of organization- inductive, deductive)
Preanalysis: demographic, psychological, situational
Demographic:
Culture: learned system of knowledge, beliefs, values, behavior, attitude, norms shared by a group of people (individualistic vs. collectivist) (high: tone/ nonverbal factors vs. low context: words) (tolerance of uncertainty :ambiguous vs. certainty: certain)(high: authority vs. low:democratic power)
Ethnicity: background heritage (race, culture etc.) Ethnocentricism
Group membership: religious, political, work, social
Socioeconomic status: income, occupation, education
Adapting strategies: choose a target audience, be diverse for diverse audiences, look for common values, use visual to bridge language or complex differences,

Psychological:
Understand attitudes, beliefs, and values (investigate underlying reasoning) Types of audiences: interested, uninterested, favorable, unfavorable, voluntary, captive
Situational:
Time, location, size of audience, occasion
Nonverbal audience cues: eye contact, facial expression, movement, nonverbal responses, verbal responses
Customizing your speech: audience names, town /city name, specific event and date, recent news, group or organization name, relate directly
Analyzing audience following speech: nonverbal response, verbal responses, survey, behavioral



Chapter 7: Developing your speech
Developing your speech
First steps to preparing your speech
1. select and narrow topic
2. determine your purpose
3. develop central idea (thesis)- transitions
4. develop main ideas
5. develop intro and conclusion ( come full circle)

Topic selection: audience, occasion, yourself (strategies: brainstorming, listen and read topic ideas, scan directories
Narrow topic: categories, find level
Purpose: general (inform, persuade, entertain) specific ( describe, explain- behavioral)
Central idea: thesis (what’s the point?)
Main ideas: generating, logical divisions, reasoning, tracing steps (sequential)
Preview: blueprint

Chapter 8: Supporting Material
Personal Knowledge/ Experience
Internet (search engines) Boolean search (phrase search)
Web Resources: accountability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, usability, diversity, relevance, validity
Library resources: books, periodicals, databases (online), newspapers, indexes (online) reference, govt. documents
Interviews
Research strategies: possible sources, take notes, keep organized
Possible VA’s

Chapter 9 Supporting materials
Illustrations: brief, extended, hypothetical
Effective illustrations: relevant, represent a trend, vivid/specific, identify with audience, personal

Descriptions/ Explanations: describing, explaining how-why,
Effective Descriptions/ Explanations: stay brief, specific/ concrete language, stick to the script

Definitions by classification: Operational (dependent on the situation)
Using Definitions effectively: use only when needed, understandable, consistent

Analogies: literal, figurative
Using Analogies effectively: Literal comparisons should be similar, clarify similarity in figurative comparisons

Statistics: numerical comparisons
Using statistics effectively: reliability, authority, unbiased, correct interpretation, understandable/ memorable
Opinions: testimonies (expert/ lay, quotes)
Using opinions effectively: expert authority, identify source, unbiased source, cite opinions as opinions not facts, be accurate, use sparingly